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Impact of gasoline engine deposits on light duty vehicle emissions: in-use case study in Beijing, China

Xin YUE, Ye WU, Xianjiang HUANG, Yao MA, Yuan PANG, Xiaofeng BAO, Jiming HAO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第5期   页码 717-724 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0438-3

摘要： Tailpipe emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles usually deteriorate over time. The accumulation of engine deposits due to inadequate gasoline detergency is considered to be one of the major causes of such emission deterioration. Six in-use light-duty gasoline vehicles in Beijing were tested to investigate the impact of engine deposits on emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO ). Emissions under cold start and hot running test conditions from the six light duty vehicles were measured before and after engine deposits were removed. Results show that although individual vehicles reacted differently for each of the pollutants, elimination of engine deposits on average reduced HC emissions under hot running conditions by 29.4%, CO emissions under cold start conditions by 23.0% and CO emissions under hot running conditions by 35.5% ( <0.05 in all cases). No pollutant emissions increased with statistical significance ( <0.05) after the removal of engine deposits. Variations of emission changes upon removal of engine deposits were observed. Such variations are in line with previous studies, implying that the impact patterns of engine deposits on vehicle emissions may be subject to many influencing factors that are not fully understood and difficult to control under all conditions. A statistical view of the impact of engine deposits on vehicle emissions may be appropriate for evaluation of emissions reductions across a city or a country. It is necessary to maintain sufficient and effective gasoline fuel detergency in practice to keep the engines clean and in turn reduce vehicle emissions.

关键词： engine deposit     fuel quality     detergency     vehicle emission    

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Long-term settlement behavior of ground around shield tunnel due to leakage of water in soft deposit

Huaina WU, Yeshuang XU, Shui-long SHEN, Jin-chun CHAI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第2期   页码 194-198 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0105-y

摘要： The lining of shield tunnel is usually composed of segments, in which the joints, cracks, and the grouting holes (hereafter called lining deficit) exist. During the long-term running, soils and groundwater may leak from these kinds of lining deficit. The leaking of soil and groundwater causes the long-term ground loss around tunnel and thus results in the settlement of ground surface. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the leakage of groundwater through segments on the long-term settlement of ground surface. The adopted analytical method is based on the theory of groundwater seepage by using numerical simulation. The analyzed results show that settlement of ground surface increases gradually with the increase of the leaked volume of tunnel segments. When the leaked volume was unevenly distributed, differential settlement occurred locally. Comparative analysis by changing the leaked volume was conducted. The results reveal that there is a linear relationship between settlement and leaked volume when the leaked volume was controlled within the allowable limit.

关键词： lining deficit     leakage of water     shield tunnel     settlement     soft deposit    

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Design and modeling of a free-piston engine generator

《能源前沿（英文）》   页码 811-821 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0848-2

摘要： Free-piston engine generators (FPEGs) can be applied as decarbonized range extenders for electric vehicles because of their high thermal efficiency, low friction loss, and ultimate fuel flexibility. In this paper, a parameter-decoupling approach is proposed to model the design of an FPEG. The parameter-decoupling approach first divides the FPEG into three parts: a two-stroke engine, an integrated scavenging pump, and a linear permanent magnet synchronous machine (LPMSM). Then, each of these is designed according to predefined specifications and performance targets. Using this decoupling approach, a numerical model of the FPEG, including the three aforementioned parts, was developed. Empirical equations were adopted to design the engine and scavenging pump, while special considerations were applied for the LPMSM. A finite element model with a multi-objective genetic algorithm was adopted for its design. The finite element model results were fed back to the numerical model to update the LPMSM with increased fidelity. The designed FPEG produced 10.2 kW of electric power with an overall system efficiency of 38.5% in a stable manner. The model provides a solid foundation for the manufacturing of related FPEG prototypes.

关键词： free-piston engine generator     linear permanent magnet synchronous machine     system design     numerical model     finite element method    

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Effect of oil shale semi-coke on deposit mineralogy and morphology in the flue path of a CFB burning

Zhuo LIU, Jianbo LI, Mingming ZHU, Xiaofeng LU, Zhezi ZHANG, Dongke ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第1期   页码 26-37 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0668-1

摘要： The effect of oil shale semi-coke (SC) on the mineralogy and morphology of the ash deposited on probes situated in the flue path of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) which burns Zhundong lignite (ZD) was investigated. 10 wt% or 20 wt% SC was added to ZD, which were then combusted in the CFB furnace at 950°C. Two probes with vertical and horizontal orientations were installed in the flue duct to simulate ash deposition. Both windward and leeward ash deposits on probes (P W, P L, P W and P L) were analyzed by using a scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ICP-OES, and a particle size analyzer. When ZD was burned alone, the P W deposit was comprised of agglomerates (<30 m) enriched in CaSO and Na SiO , incurring significant sintering. The P L and P W deposits, however, were of both discrete and agglomerated particles in similar mineral phases but with coarser sizes. The P L deposit was mainly fine ash particles where Na SiO and Na SO were absent. As SC was added, the agglomerates in both P W and P L decreased. Moreover, SiO and Ca/Na aluminosilicates dominated the mineral phases whereas Na SiO and Na SO disappeared, showing a decrease in deposit stickiness. Likewise, the P W deposit was found less spread on the probe, decreasing its deposition propensity. Na-bearing minerals turned into (Na, K)(Si Al)O and (Ca, Na)(Si, Al) O in the P W deposit. Moreover, Na in the deposits decreased from 32 mg/g to less than 15 mg/g as SC presented. The addition of SC would therefore help alleviate the propensity of ash deposition in the flue path in the CFB combustion of ZD.

关键词： ash deposition     circulating fluidized bed (CFB)     mineral transformation     oil shale semi-coke (SC)     Zhundong lignite (ZD)    

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Study of engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics fueled with diesel-like fuel producedfrom waste engine oil and waste plastics

V. Edwin Geo, Ankit Sonthalia, Fethi Aloui, Femilda Josephin J. S.

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-018-1063-6

摘要：

To derive liquid fuel from waste engine oil and plastics thorough pyrolysis process

To make equal blend of waste engine oil and plastics with diesel fuel

To find the suitability of fuel from waste in diesel engine through performance, emission and combustion characteristics

关键词： Waste engine oil     Waste plastic oil     Diesel fuel     Pyrolysis     Compression ignition engine    

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A new miniaturized engine based on thermomagnetic effect of magnetic fluids

Lujun ZHOU, Yimin XUAN, Qiang LI, Wenlei LIAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第2期   页码 160-166 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0018-9

摘要： A new engine system, essentially consisting of a permanent NdFeB magnet, a kerosene-based magnetic fluid and a rotor, is proposed based on the thermomagnetic effect of a temperature-sensitive magnetic fluid. The rotor was driven by the thermal convection of the magnetic fluid in the presence of a homogeneous external magnetic field. A digital camera was used to record the rotation speed of the rotor to investigate the performance of the engine system under varying conditions such as heat load, heat sink temperature, and magnetic field distribution. The peak angle velocity obtained for the rotor was about 2.1 rad/min. The results illustrate that the rotation speed of the rotor increases as the input heat load increases, or as the heat sink temperature decreases. The performance of the motor is considerably influenced by the magnetic field imposed. Therefore, the performance of such an engine can be controlled conveniently by changing the external magnetic field and/or the temperature distribution in the fluid.

关键词： magnetic fluid     thermomagnetic effect     engine    

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Full-field dynamic strain reconstruction of an aero-engine blade from limited displacement responses

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第18卷 第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0731-1

摘要： Blade strain distribution and its change with time are crucial for reliability analysis and residual life evaluation in blade vibration tests. Traditional strain measurements are achieved by strain gauges (SGs) in a contact manner at discrete positions on the blades. This study proposes a method of full-field and real-time strain reconstruction of an aero-engine blade based on limited displacement responses. Limited optical measured displacement responses are utilized to reconstruct the full-field strain. The full-field strain distribution is in-time visualized. A displacement-to-strain transformation matrix is derived on the basis of the blade mode shapes in the modal coordinate. The proposed method is validated on an aero-engine blade in numerical and experimental cases. Three discrete vibrational displacement responses measured by laser triangulation sensors are used to reconstruct the full-field strain over the whole operating time. The reconstructed strain responses are compared with the results measured by SGs and numerical simulation. The high consistency between the reconstructed and measured results demonstrates the accurate strain reconstructed by the method. This paper provides a low-cost, real-time, and visualized measurement of blade full-field dynamic strain using displacement response, where the traditional SGs would fail.

关键词： aero-engine blade     displacement response     dynamic strain reconstruction     mode shape     strain gauge    

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Satellite scheduling engine: The intelligent solver for future multi-satellite management

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2022年 第9卷 第4期   页码 683-688 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0222-4

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Group-based multiple pipe routing method for aero-engine focusing on parallel layout

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第16卷 第4期   页码 798-813 doi: 10.1007/s11465-021-0645-3

摘要： External pipe routing for aero-engine in limited three-dimensional space is a typical nondeterministic polynomial hard problem, where the parallel layout of pipes plays an important role in improving the utilization of layout space, facilitating pipe assembly, and maintenance. This paper presents an automatic multiple pipe routing method for aero-engine that focuses on parallel layout. The compressed visibility graph construction algorithm is proposed first to determine rapidly the rough path and interference relationship of the pipes to be routed. Based on these rough paths, the information of pipe grouping and sequencing are obtained according to the difference degree and interference degree, respectively. Subsequently, a coevolutionary improved differential evolution algorithm, which adopts the coevolutionary strategy, is used to solve multiple pipe layout optimization problem. By using this algorithm, pipes in the same group share the layout space information with one another, and the optimal layout solution of pipes in this group can be obtained in the same evolutionary progress. Furthermore, to eliminate the minor angle deviation of parallel pipes that would cause assembly stress in actual assembly, an accurate parallelization processing method based on the simulated annealing algorithm is proposed. Finally, the simulation results on an aero-engine demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： multiple pipe routing     optimization algorithm     aero-engine     pipe grouping     parallel layout    

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开放的深井开采复杂巨系统中岩爆灾害研究方法

贾明涛,潘长良,王李管

《中国工程科学》 2003年 第5卷 第6期   页码 74-78

摘要：

岩爆是深井开采中的主要灾害之一。随着我国矿床开采由地表、浅部向深部转移，这一问题变得日益突出，传统的关于深井开采过程中岩爆问题的研究，由于没有或较少考虑系统整体性，按照还原论的方法进行，取得的成果与实际应用之间尚存在较大距离。文章通过对深井开采系统特征的分析研究，提出深井开采系统是一个典型的开放的复杂巨系统。对于这种系统的研究，目前行之有效的方法是采用从定性到定量的综合集成方法，将专家群体（包括地质专家、采矿专家、系统工程专家、计算机专家、岩石力学专家等）、统计数据和信息资料、计算机技术三者有机结合起来，构成一个高度智能化的以人为主、人机结合的交互系统。通过集成各种知识，获得对问题的正确的认识和理解，才能在工程实践中发挥具体的指导作用。

关键词： 深井开采     开放的复杂巨系统     岩爆     从定性到定量的综合集成方法    

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Progress in hydrogen enriched hydrocarbons combustion and engine applications

Zuohua HUANG, Jinhua WANG, Erjiang HU, Chenglong TANG, Yingjia ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第1期   页码 73-80 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0287-1

摘要： The paper summarized the work on hydrogen enriched hydrocarbons combustion and its application in engines. The progress and understanding on laminar burning velocity, flame instability, flame structure flame and chemical kinetics were presented. Based on fundamental combustion, both homogeneous spark-ignition engine and direct-injection spark-ignition engine fueled with natural gas-hydrogen blends were conducted and the technical route of natural gas-hydrogen combined with exhaust gas recirculation was proposed which experimentally demonstrated benefits on both thermal efficiency improvement and emissions reduction.

关键词： hydrogen enriched hydrocarbon combustion     fundamental study     engine application    

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准西海相浅层石炭系火山凝灰岩油气发现的意义

王建勇,王学忠,马立群

《中国工程科学》 2012年 第14卷 第7期   页码 81-86

摘要：

2011年，准西海相浅层石炭系火山凝灰岩油气勘探取得了突破，见到了良好的油气显示，特别是排61井在855.7～949.6 m井段，常规试油获得日产6 t的工业油流，50 ℃地面脱气原油黏度为390 mPa·s。排61地区石炭系稳定的海相沉积层既是深部油源岩，又是优质储集层。岩浆活动提供了火山岩储层发育和分布的基础。火山凝灰岩经受了强烈的风化作用和有机酸溶蚀作用，风化壳及次生裂缝很发育，成为优质储层。深部二叠系油气沿红车断裂带和地层超剥带不整合面向高部位运聚成藏。二叠系和三叠系致密的火山岩或泥岩沉积覆盖作为区域性盖层对石炭系油气后期保存至关重要。针对石炭系储层成像较差的难题发展了地震叠前时间偏移处理技术，火山岩地震和测井响应特征比较明显，应用成像测井和核磁共振技术实现了裂缝的定性识别和定量描述。

关键词： 石炭系     火山凝灰岩     海相沉积     浅层     准噶尔盆地西缘    

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Typical off-design analytical performances of internal combustion engine cogeneration

Xiaohong HE, Ruixian CAI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第2期   页码 184-192 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0007-z

摘要： Based on experimental data, typical off-design characteristic curves with corresponding formulas of internal combustion engine (ICE) are summarized and investigated. In combination with analytical solution of single-pressure heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and influence of ambient pressure on combined heat and power (CHP) system, off-design operation regularities of ICE cogeneration are analyzed. The approach temperature difference Δ , relative steam production and superheated steam temperature decrease with the decrease in engine load. The total energy efficiency, equivalent exergy efficiency and economic exergy efficiency first increase and then decrease. Therefore, there exists an optimum value, corresponding to ICE best efficiency operating condition. It is worth emphasizing that Δ is likely to be negative in low load condition with high design steam parameter and low ICE design exhaust gas temperature. Compared with single shaft gas turbine cogeneration, Δ in ICE cogeneration is more likely to be negative. The main reason for this is that the gas turbine has an increased exhaust gas flow with the decrease in load; while ICE is on the contrary. Moreover, ICE power output and efficiency decrease with the decrease in ambient pressure. Hence, approach temperature difference, relative steam production and superheated steam temperature decrease rapidly while the cogeneration efficiencies decrease slightly. It is necessary to consider the influence of ambient conditions, especially the optimization of ICE performances at different places, on cogeneration performances.

关键词： internal combustion engine (ICE)     cogeneration     heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)     off-design     superheated steam     saturated steam     ambient pressure    

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Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on different water in diesel emulsion

Seyed Saeed HOSEINI, Mohammad Amin SOBATI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第4期   页码 636-657 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0646-7

摘要： The nitrogen oxide (NO ) release of diesel engines can be reduced using water in diesel emulsion fuel without any engine modification. In the present paper, different formulations of water in diesel emulsion fuels were prepared by ultrasonic irradiation. The water droplet size in the emulsion, polydisperisty index, and the stability of prepared fuel was examined, experimentally. Afterwards, the performance characteristics and exhaust emission of a single cylinder air-cooled diesel engine were investigated using different water in diesel emulsion fuels. The effect of water content (in the range of 5%–10% by volume), surfactant content (in the range of 0.5%–2% by volume), and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) (in the range of 5–8) was examined using Box-Behnken design (BBD) as a subset of response surface methodology (RSM). Considering multi-objective optimization, the best formulation for the emulsion fuel was found to be 5% water, 2% surfactant, and HLB of 6.8. A comparison was made between the best emulsion fuel and the neat diesel fuel for engine performance and emission characteristics. A considerable decrease in the nitrogen oxide emission (–18.24%) was observed for the best emulsion fuel compared to neat diesel fuel.

关键词： water in diesel emulsion fuel     hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)     response surface methodology (RSM)     emulsion stability     engine performance     exhaust emission    

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Optimization of aero-engine pipeline for avoiding vibration based on length adjustment of straight-line

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第17卷 第1期   页码 11-11 doi: 10.1007/s11465-021-0667-x

摘要： In the design and troubleshooting of aero-engine pipeline, the vibration reduction of the pipeline system is often achieved by adjusting the hoop layout, provided that the shape of pipeline remains unchanged. However, in reality, the pipeline system with the best antivibration performance may be obtained only by adjusting the pipeline shape. In this paper, a typical spatial pipeline is taken as the research object, the length of straight-line segment is taken as the design variable, and an innovative optimization method of avoiding vibration of aero-engine pipeline is proposed. The relationship between straight-line segment length and parameters that determine the geometric characteristics of the pipeline, such as the position of key reference points, bending angle, and hoop position, are derived in detail. Based on this, the parametric finite element model of the pipeline system is established. Taking the maximum first-order natural frequency of pipeline as the optimization objective and introducing process constraints and vibration avoidance constraints, the optimization model of the pipeline system is established. The genetic algorithm and the golden section algorithm are selected to solve the optimization model, and the relevant solution procedure is described in detail. Finally, two kinds of pipelines with different total lengths are selected to carry out a case study. Based on the analysis of the influence of straight-line segment length on the vibration characteristics of the pipeline system, the optimization methods developed in this paper are demonstrated. Results show that the developed optimization method can obtain the optimal single value or interval of the straight-line segment length while avoiding the excitation frequency. In addition, the optimization efficiency of the golden section algorithm is remarkably higher than that of the genetic algorithm for length optimization of a single straight-line segment.

关键词： length adjustment     spatial pipeline     aero-engine     vibration avoidance optimization     genetic algorithm     golden section algorithm    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Impact of gasoline engine deposits on light duty vehicle emissions: in-use case study in Beijing, China

Xin YUE, Ye WU, Xianjiang HUANG, Yao MA, Yuan PANG, Xiaofeng BAO, Jiming HAO

期刊论文

Long-term settlement behavior of ground around shield tunnel due to leakage of water in soft deposit

Huaina WU, Yeshuang XU, Shui-long SHEN, Jin-chun CHAI

期刊论文

Design and modeling of a free-piston engine generator

期刊论文

Effect of oil shale semi-coke on deposit mineralogy and morphology in the flue path of a CFB burning

Zhuo LIU, Jianbo LI, Mingming ZHU, Xiaofeng LU, Zhezi ZHANG, Dongke ZHANG

期刊论文

Study of engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics fueled with diesel-like fuel producedfrom waste engine oil and waste plastics

V. Edwin Geo, Ankit Sonthalia, Fethi Aloui, Femilda Josephin J. S.

期刊论文

A new miniaturized engine based on thermomagnetic effect of magnetic fluids

Lujun ZHOU, Yimin XUAN, Qiang LI, Wenlei LIAN

期刊论文

Full-field dynamic strain reconstruction of an aero-engine blade from limited displacement responses

期刊论文

Satellite scheduling engine: The intelligent solver for future multi-satellite management

期刊论文

Group-based multiple pipe routing method for aero-engine focusing on parallel layout

期刊论文

开放的深井开采复杂巨系统中岩爆灾害研究方法

贾明涛,潘长良,王李管

期刊论文

Progress in hydrogen enriched hydrocarbons combustion and engine applications

Zuohua HUANG, Jinhua WANG, Erjiang HU, Chenglong TANG, Yingjia ZHANG

期刊论文

准西海相浅层石炭系火山凝灰岩油气发现的意义

王建勇,王学忠,马立群

期刊论文

Typical off-design analytical performances of internal combustion engine cogeneration

Xiaohong HE, Ruixian CAI

期刊论文

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on different water in diesel emulsion

Seyed Saeed HOSEINI, Mohammad Amin SOBATI

期刊论文

Optimization of aero-engine pipeline for avoiding vibration based on length adjustment of straight-line

期刊论文